Ayasofyaİngilizce Tanıtımı (Kısa) Written by Nil Karakelle in İngilizce Tanıtım Hagia Sophia, whose full name is Saint Sophia Museum, is a historical museum in Istanbul. AyasofyaKilisesi 4. Yüzyıldan günümüze dek İstanbul’daki en ilgi çekici yapı olmaya devam etmektedir. Burada kısaca tarihçesi ve mimari özelliklerini vermeye çalıtığımız Ayasofya kilisesi dini ve simgesel olarak bulunduğu úehre değer katmaktadır. Bir zamanlar Kilise olarak inúa edilen ardından camiye çevrilen ve sonunda Kapadokyada erozyonla oluşan şapkalı peri bacaları dışında mantar biçimli, sütunlu ve sivri peri bacaları da görülüyor. Peri bacalarının çapları ise 1 metreden başlayıp 15 metreye kadar büyüyebiliyor. Bu oranlardan daha küçük veya daha büyük olanları peri bacası olarak değerlendirilmiyor. Renkleri genellikle gri Ayrıcaek olarak aşağıdaki listelerden de gezilecek ve görülecek tarihi yerleri görebilirsiniz. Türkiye'de Gezilecek Yerler İngilizce. 1.Pamukkale/Denizli. 2.Kaçkar Mountains. 3.Bozcaada / Canakkale. 4.Tuzgölü/Ankara Şereflikoçhisar. 5.Selimiye Mosque / Edirne. 6.Bozcaada / Canakkale. 7.Yerebatan Cistern / Istanbul. topkapısarayı ve ayasofyanın türkçe ve ingilizce kısaca tanıtımı nasıldır? EN İYİ CEVABI fadedliver verdi Topkapı Palace For the 1964 movie, see Topkapi (film). The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı in Turkish) was the official and primary Istanbul residence of cash. Ayasofya Müzesi’ni İngilizce olarak tanıtır mısınız? The Church of the Holy Wisdom, known as Hagia Sophia Άγια οφία in Greek, Sancta Sophia in Latin, and Ayasofya or Aya Sofya in Turkish, is a former Byzantine church and former Ottoman mosque in Istanbul. Now a museum, Hagia Sophia is universally acknowledged as one of the great buildings of the world. HistoryUnfortunately nothing remains of the original Hagia Sophia, which was built on this site in the fourth century by Constantine the Great. Constantine was the first Christian emperor and the founder of the city of Constantinople, which he called “the New Rome.” The Hagia Sophia was one of several great churches he built in important cities throughout his empire. Following the destruction of Constantine’s church, a second was built by his son Constantius and the emperor Theodosius the Great. This second church was burned down during the Nika riots of 532, though fragments of it have been excavated and can be seen Sophia was rebuilt in her present form between 532 and 537 under the personal supervision of Emperor Justinian I. It is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture, rich with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. After completion, Justinian is said to have exclaimed, Νενίκηκά ε ολομών “Solomon, I have outdone thee!”. The architects of the church were Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, who were professors of geometry at the University of Constantinople. Their work was a technical triumph, even though the structure was severely damaged several times by earthquakes. The original dome collapsed after an earthquake in 558 and its replacement fell in 563. Steps were taken to better secure the dome, but there were additional partial collapses in 989 and 1346. Justinian’s basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of Late Antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. For over 900 years the Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for church councils and imperial ceremonies. In 1204 the cathedral was ruthlessly attacked, desecrated and plundered by the Crusaders, who also forcibly replaced the Patriarch of Constantinople with a Latin bishop. This event cemented the division of the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches that began with the “Great Schism” of 1054. Many of Hagia Sophia’s riches can be seen today not in Istanbul, but in the treasury of St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice. Despite this setback, Hagia Sophia remained a functioning church until May 29, 1453, when Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror entered triumphantly into the city of Constantinople. He was amazed at the beauty of the Hagia Sophia and immediately converted it into his imperial mosque. Hagia Sophia served as the principal mosque of Istanbul for almost 500 years. It became a model for many of the Ottoman mosques of Istanbul such as the Blue Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, the Shehzade Mosque and the Rustem Pasha Mosque. No major structural changes were made at first; the addition of a mihrab prayer niche, minbar pulpit and a wooden minaret made a mosque out of the church. At some early point, all the faces depicted in the church’s mosaics were covered in plaster due to the Islamic prohibition of figurative imagery. Various additions were made over the centuries by successive sultans. Sultan Mehmed II built a madrasa religious school near the mosque and organized a waqf for its expenses. Extensive restorations were conducted by Mimar Sinan during the rule of Selim II, including the original sultan’s loge and another minaret. Mimar Sinan built the mausoleum of Selim II to the southeast of the mosque in 1577 and the mausoleums of Murad III and Mehmed III were built next to it in the 1600s. Mahmud I ordered a restoration of the mosque in 1739 and added an ablution fountain, Koranic school, soup kitchen and library, making the mosque the center of a social complex. The most famous restoration of the Hagia Sophia was completed between 1847-49 by Abdülmecid II, who invited Swiss architects Gaspare and Guiseppe Fossati to renovate the mosque. The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened columns,and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior. The discovery of the figural mosaics after the secularization of Hagia Sophia was guided by the descriptions of the Fossati brothers, who had uncovered them a century earlier for cleaning and recording. The Fossatis also added the calligraphic roundels that remain today. They were commissioned to calligrapher Kazasker Izzet Efendi and replaced older panels hanging on the piers. In 1934, under Turkish president Kemal Atatürk, Hagia Sofia was secularized and turned into the Ayasofya Museum. The prayer rugs were removed, revealing the marble beneath, but the mosaics remained largely plastered over and the building was allowed to decay for some time. Some of the calligraphic panels were moved to other mosques, but eight roundels were left and can still be seen today. A 1993 UNESCO mission to Turkey noted falling plaster, dirty marble facings, broken windows, decorative paintings damaged by moisture, and ill-maintained lead roofing. Cleaning, roofing and restoration have since been undertaken; many recent visitors have found their view obstructed by a huge scaffolding stretching up into the dome in the center of the nave. What to SeeFor a more visual description, see our interactive Hagia Sophia Floor Plan or browse our Hagia Sophia Photo Gallery. Click links in the text for photos. The Hagia Sophia has a classical basilica plan. The main ground plan of the building is a rectangle, 230 feet 70 m in width and 246 feet 75 m in length. The area is covered by a central dome photo of outside and inside with a diameter of 31 meters 102 feet, which is just slightly smaller than that of the Pantheon in Rome. The main dome is carried on pendentives four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base. Each pendentive is decorated with a seraphim. The weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners, and between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches. At the western and eastern ends, the arched openings are extended by semi-domes. The flat wall on each side of the interior north and south is called a tympanum, and each one has 12 large windows in two rows, seven in the lower and five in the upper. Just outside the entrance, stone cannonballs line the gravel path of the outer courtyard. These are the actual cannonballs used by Mehmet the Conqueror in his victorious 1453 battle for the city. All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marble, green and white with purple porphyry, and gold mosaics. On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes. The Islamic calligraphic roundels suspended from the main dome since the 19th century remain in place and make for a fascinating religious contrast with the uncovered Christian mosaics. The names painted on the eight wooden medallions are Allah and Muhammad flanking the apse; the first four Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali at the four corners of the dome; and the two grandsons of Mohammed, Hasan and Husayn in the nave. The Byzantine mosaics are being gradually uncovered, but only those on the higher gallery levels, which can be accessed by stairways on the payment of a fee. This means that Muslims do not have to confront much Christian imagery in the main chamber of the building, which was a mosque for nearly 500 years and retains all the equipment of a mosque. When the Hagia Sophia was used as a place of worship, both for Christians and then for Muslims, the focus of the building was the east end, directly across from the entrance. This is because Christian churches are traditionally oriented towards the east, and Muslims always pray facing Mecca, which is east of Istanbul. Thus the bulk of interesting sights are clustered in this area of the Hagia Sophia’s huge nave. At ground level, most of the sights date from the Islamic period. A beautiful marble structure in the apse is the mihrab, a niche found in all mosques that indicates the direction of Mecca. The large freestanding stairway to the right of the mihrab is the minbar, or pulpit from which sermons were given. To the left of the mihrab is the grand sultan’s loge, built by the Fossati brothers who restored the Hagia Sophia in the 1800s. Looking up from this area, one sees a splendid apse mosaic depicting the Virgin and Child. On the right is a partly damaged Archangel Gabriel mosaic. Gabriel used to face an Archangel Michael mosaic on the other side of the apse, but this is now almost entirely gone. The most famous of the Hagia Sophia’s mosaics are on the upper floor, in the galleries. The South Gallery, where the great mosaics are, was used for church councils. When the Hagia Sophia was a mosque, the galleries were the place where women sat during worship services. Today, the galleries provide visitors with a commanding view of the nave from all sides and a closeup view of some of the best Byzantine mosaics to be seen anywhere. The best-known mosaic is called the Deësis Mosaic, and it is the first you come to as you enter the South Gallery through the Marble Door. It depicts a triumphant and kingly Christ known as “Christ Pantrocrator”, flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. At the end of the South Gallery are two golden Byzantine mosaics. On the left is Christ with Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe; on the right is the Virgin and Child with Emperor John II Comnenus and Empress Irene. The modern exit from the Hagia Sophia is through the Vestibule of the Warriors, so called because it is where the emperor’s bodyguards waited while he worshipped. Up high and behind you as you walk out is a splendid mosaic of the Virgin with Constantine and Justinian. Constantine the Great presents to the Virgin a model of the city of Constantinople Istanbul, which he founded, and Emperor Justinian presents the church of the Hagia Sophia, which he rebuilt. This mosaic dates probably from the 10th century. There are several interesting things to see outside Hagia Sophia, including three mausoleums of sultans, the church’s baptistery, and the excavated remains of Theodosius’ Hagia Sophia. İngilizce Trabzon tanıtımı, Trabzonun ingilizce tanıtımı Trabzon Greek ραπεζούνα, Trapezounta is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the east, Russia and the Caucasus to the North. Venetian and Genoese paid visit and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric. During the Ottoman period Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran, India and the Caucasus. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history, and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond. The population of the city is 400,187 2006 census. Ancient and Mediaeval Originally, it was founded as Trebizond ραπεζοῦ by Greek traders from Miletus traditionally in 756 BC.The city was one of a number about ten of Milesian emporia, or trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include Sinope, Abydos and Cyzicus in the Dardanelles. Like most Greek colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the trade partners included the Mossynoeci. When Xenophon and the “ten thousand” Greek mercenaries were fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond Xenophon, Anabasis, The city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war. Xenophon’s force resolved this in the rebels’ favor, and so in Trebizond’s city was added to the kingdom of Pontus by Mithridates VI Eupator and it became home port for the Pontic the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 64–65, the fleet passed to new commanders, becoming the Classis Pontica. Trebizond gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century for its access to road leading over the Zigana Pass to the Armenian frontier or the upper Euphrates valley. New roads were constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian, and Hadrian commissioned improvements to give the city a more structured harbor. A mithraeum now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the Goths in 258, and, although it was afterwards re-built, Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained importance in the 8th to 10th the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Byzantine successor state was founded there with support of Queen Tamar of Georgia, the Empire of Trebizond, which ruled part of the Black Sea coast from Trebizond until 1461, when its ruler, David, surrendered to Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Following this takeover Mehmed sent many Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic Armenian, Greek and Laz communities remained. During the late Ottoman period, the city had a great Christian influence in terms of culture, and a wealthy merchant class who created several Western consulates. Modern era Ortahisar neighbourhood in winterIn 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by Stothert and Pitt of Bath in England. The city was the site of one of the key battles between the Ottoman and Russian armies during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I which resulted in the capture of Trebizond by the Russian army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Yudenich in April 1916. Following the Treaty of Sèvres and subsequent Treaty of Lausanne, Trebizond again became a part of Turkey. After World War I, European publications increasingly adopted local names for Turkish cities rather than traditional forms of Greek or Italian origin, and Trebizond became known to English-language readers as World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. Hence the most important export products, tobacco and hazelnut, could not be sold and living standards a result of the general development of the country, Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life. The Coastal Highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with Central Anatolia, which has led to some growth. However, progress has been slow in comparison with the western and the southwestern parts of is famous throughout Turkey for its anchovies, which are the main meal in many restaurants in the city. Major exports from Trabzon are hazelnuts and city still has a sizable community of Greek-speaking Muslims, most of whom are originally from the vicinities of Tonya and Of. However, the Pontic Greek language known as Πονιακά, Pontiaka is spoken mostly by the older is known as a stronghold of ultra-nationalistic political currents in Turkey. In April 2006, Catholic priest Andrea Santoro was murdered in his church in Trabzon. Ogün Samast, the suspect in the January 2007 murder of Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink, is from Trabzon. Geography and climate The province has a total area of km² and it is bordered by the provinces of Rize, Giresun and Gümüşhane. The total area is 22,4% plateaux and 77,6% hills. Rivers The Değirmendere former Piksidis, Yanbolu, Fol, Karadere, Koha, Sürmene former Manahos, Solaklı, Baltacı and İyidere former Kalopotamos Lakes Çakırgöl, Uzungöl, Serra Gölü Climate Trabzon has a typical Black Sea climate, with rain the year round and temperatures reaching up to around 27°C in the summer. Winters are cool and damp, and the lowest temperature is around 5°C in January. The water temperature fluctuates between 10°–20°C throughout the year. People Greek has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines and is today partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a Greek Orthodox population up until the population exchange; nearly all speakers are now Muslim. Laz people also live in Chepnis, an Oghuz tribe that played an important role in the history of the Eastern Black Sea area in the 13th and 14th centuries, live in the Şalpazarı Ağasar valley region of the Trabzon was an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century. During the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families fled here from Ani. According to Ronald C. Jennings, in the early 1500s, Armenians made up approximately 13 percent of the city’s population, and they numbered roughly equal to the Muslims in the city in that period. In the late 19th century the Armenian community was persecuted during the Hamidian massacres. Prior to WWI, a sizable Armenian community of 30,000 was present in the city. During the Armenian Genocide, most were killed or deported. Following the Russian capture of Trabzon in April 1916, some 500 Armenian survivors, as well as monks of the local Armenian monastery returned. They remained there till after the has a sizeable Russian minority, who began emigrating to the region after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Russian language shops and facilities can be found in the town. Russians are generally subject to stereotypes and suspicion. A subset of Russian women work in the local prostitution industry and are thus derisively known as “Natashas” by of the presence of Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey, especially the East and the Black Sea region, as well as students from Central Asian states. Origin of the Pontic Turks and Greeks Very little has been written on the Turkification of the area. There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century, with the exception of the Chepnis. The original Greek and in some regions Armenian speakers imposed features from their mother language into Turkish. Heath W. Lowry’s work about Ottoman tax books Tahrir Defteri with Halil İnalcık claims that most Turks of Trabzon city are of Greek is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and Rize and other ancient Greek colonies in the Pontus region — except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves — consisted of indigenous Caucasian tribes the Colchians and the Laz who had been partly Hellenized religiously and linguistically. Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances in village structure, house types, and pastoral techniques between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the Caucasus proper. Tourist attractions Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions, some of them dating back to the times of the ancient empires that once existed in the region. In the city itself, one can find a hub of shops, stalls and restaurants surrounding the “Meydan”, a square in the center of the city, which includes a tea Hagia Sophia Turkish Ayasofya Müzesi, a stunning Byzantine church, is probably the town’s most important tourist attraction. Trabzon Castle ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building. Atatürk Köşkü is a lovely Victorian-era villa, which was given to Atatürk when he visited Trabzon in 1924. It houses period rooms and acts as a shrine to the memory of the Turks’ beloved great leader. Boztepe Park is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is such that although the view is far above that of the buildings below, it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in the city. Trabzon Museum is located in the town center and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region, including an impressive collection of Byzantine-era artifacts. Trabzon’s Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets, continuing from Kunduracilar Street from the Meydan town square. Kostaki Mansion is located ob the north of Zeytinlik near Uzun Sokak. Within Trabzon Province, the main attractions are the Sümela Monastery and Uzungöl. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green forests below and is about 50km south of the city. Uzungöl is famous for the natural beauty of the area and the amazing important sites of interest include Kaymaklı Monastery, Kızlar Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery, Kuştul Gregorios Peristera Monastery, Kızlar Panagia Kerameste Monastery, Vazelon Monastery, Hagios Savvas Maşatlık Cave Churches, Hagia Anna Little Ayvasıl, Sotha St. John, Hagios Theodoros, Hagios Konstantinos, Hagios Khristophoras, Hagios Kiryaki, Santa Maria, Hagios Mikhail and Panagia Tzita churches, Fatih Mosque originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church, Yeni Cuma Mosque originally the Hagios Eugenios Church, Nakip Mosque originally the Hagios Andreas Church, Hüsnü Köktuğ Mosque originally the Hagios Eleutherios Church, İskender Pasha Mosque, Semerciler Mosque, Çarşı Mosque, and the Gülbahar Hatun Mosque and Türbe. Food Trabzon regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish, especially Hamsi fresh European Anchovies similar to British Sprat or American Smelt. Trabzon, which meets 20% of total fish production in Turkey, has an important potential in the fishing sector in Turkey. Food in the Trabzon region represents the hearty lifestyle of the Turkish people who live on the shores of this Black Sea city. While not a gourmet-food center, there are some delicious regional dishes such as Akcaabat kofte spicy lamb meatball from the Akcaabat district, Karadeniz pidesi canoe shaped bread, often with ground beef, cheese, eggs, Sucuk Turkish sausage and pastirma, kuymak a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal and plenty of fresh butter and cheese, Vakfikebir ekmek large country style bread, tava misir ekmek deep dish corn bread and kara lahana corbasi bean and cabbage soup. Don’t miss the Taflan kavurmisι a cherry laurel dish served with onions and olive oil and Kalkan Flounder. Trabzon is famous for its hazelnuts and the traveler should experience them in any form. The Turks feel they are exceptionally good for your health. The best way to experience real Trabzon cuisine and culture is to get yourself invited to a local’s home. Culture Being open towards other cultures and religions plays a significant role in life styles of Trabzon populace. Muslims and Christians lived together in past as well as today, making the city proud heir to a rich cultural heritage. Folklore is still a living tradition in Trabzon and Black Sea region. Known as horon in Trabzon and surrounding areas is a famous folk dance peculiar to the region, and it is performed by men, women, young and elderly people in festivities, local weddings and harvest times . Trabzon culture has a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist. Many Trabzonites generally show a strong sense of loyalty to family, friends, their religion, and Turkey. The people of Trabzon are particularly proud of their role in the history of Turkey. Atatürk the Father of Turkey, selected Laz guards from Trabzon because of their fierce fighting ability and their loyalty to Black Sea region has a myriad of village and local folk culture, especially evident in folk music, folk dances, and local cuisine specialties. One of the more spirited folk dances in Turkey comes from the Trabzon region. While similar to Russian Kazak dances, the Trabzon folk dance is unique to Turkey and the of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper, and within it as well, rural traditions from Black Sea village life are still thriving. This includes traditional gender roles, social conservatism, hospitality and willingness to help strangers, and all the trappings, both positive and negative, of an agrarian lifestyle, such as hard work, poverty, strong family ties, and a closeness to city’s fame was increased in the English-speaking world by Dame Rose Macaulay’s last novel, The Towers of Trebizond 1956, which is still in print Sports Football is by far the most popular sport in Trabzon, as Trabzonspor is the only Turkish club in Anatolia to win the Turkish Super League 6 times apart from the “Big Three” of Istanbul Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş. Due to Trabzonspor’s success, the decades-old term “Big Three” which defined the largest clubs of Turkey had to be modified into the “Big Four”. Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the European Cups, managing to beat numerous prominent teams like Barcelona, Inter, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Olympique hosted the First Edition of the Black Sea Games in July, 2007. Notable natives Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor St. Eugenius of Trebizond, Christian saint and martyr Johannes Bessarion, bishop, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance George of Trebizond, philosopher, scholar and writer who influenced the Renaissance Michael Panaretos, Greek historian and statesman Gregory Choniades, Greek astronomer John VIII, Greek Orthodox Patriarch Cevdet Sunay, General and 5th President of Turkey Hasan Saka, politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister Osman Şirin, President of the High Court of Appeals of Turkey Ioannis Passalidis, Greek politician Bahriye Üçok, theologist, politician, writer, columnist and women’s rights activist Arshak Fetvajian, Armenian artist, architecture expert Adnan Kahveci 1949 – February 5, 1993 Turkish politician. Altan Öymen, journalist, writer and politician Ertem Eğilmez, Film Director Erol Günaydın, Actor Şevket Altuğ, Actor Engin Ardıç, writer and TV commentator Volkan Konak musician Şenol Güneş, football player and manager Tugay Kerimoğlu, football player Hami Mandıralı, football player Fatih Tekke, football player Nihat Genç, writer Sunay Akın, writer Periklis Hristoforidis, Greek actor Basilius Bessarion 1403-1427 Greek scholar, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople Dimitris Psathas 1907-1979 Greek playwright Hagia Sophia, whose full name is Saint Sophia Museum, is a historical museum in Istanbul. It was a basilica planned patriarchal cathedral built by the Byzantine Emperor Justinianus between the years 532-537 in the old city center of Istanbul and was converted into a mosque by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1453 after Istanbul was taken by the Ottomans. Since 1935, Hagia Sophia serves as a museum. Hagia Sophia is a domed basilica type that combines the basilica plan and the central plan in terms of architects and is considered as an important turning point in the history of architecture with its dome transition and bearing system word “hagia” in the name of Hagia Sophia comes from the word “holy, saint” and the word “sophia” comes from the word sophos, meaning “wisdom” in Ancient Greek. Therefore, the name “hagia sophia” means “sacred wisdom” or “divine wisdom” and is considered one of the three attributes of God in the Orthodox building, which has been standing for 15 centuries, is among the masterpieces of art history and the world of architecture and has become a symbol of Byzantine architecture with its large of Hagia SophiaFirst and Second Hagia SophiaBefore Hagia Sophia was built, there are two different churches that were built in the same place. The first of these is the church built in 360 by Konstantius, the son of Constantine. This church was called Megale Eklesia that means ’the Great Church’’. In the time of Emperor Arkadius, it burned during riots in 404. The second Teodosius, who came to the throne after Arkadios, built a new church instead of the destroyed church and it survived until Hagia SophiaIn 532, during the reign of Justinian, the people of the city started a great rebellion due to unrest. This uprising, referred to as the Nika Uprising in history, caused great damage to almost the entire city. Justinianus suppressed this revolt, but realized that the city needed to be rebuilt. This was an opportunity for Justinian, and he begun preparations to rebuild the city. Just as Constantine wanted to establish New Rome, Justinianus had a similar purpose. However, this time he aimed to establish New Jerusalem instead of New it is known Jerusalem, was a very important and holy city for all divine religions. The most important reason for this was that it was first built by Solomon. It is the Temple of Jerusalem that was rebuilt after it was demolished in the 6th century. This temple was where God met his people. Therefore, it was considered the most sacred place. While Justinianus was building the New Jerusalem, he also wanted to build the New invited the two most important architects of his time before him and talked about his plan. These architects were Antemius with Tralles and Isidoros with Miletus. By looking at the plan, Antemius and Isidorus stated their views on the fact that this building was impossible to build; however, Justinianus was determined that this church needs to be built. Construction begun on 23 February 532 and the church opened to worship on 27 December after its construction, cracks appeared in the main dome and the eastern half dome in 553 Gölcük and 557 Istanbul earthquakes. In the earthquake of May 7, 558, the main dome completely collapsed and the first ambon, siborium and altar were crushed and destroyed. The emperor immediately started the restoration work and led the younger İsidorus, the nephew of Isidoros from Miletus, to the beginning of this work. In order to prevent the collapse of the earthquake this time, light material was used in the construction of the dome, and the dome was made 6,25 m higher than before. The restoration work was completed in Hagia Sophia was built, it was the largest building in the world, apart from the pyramids, and remained like this for nearly 1000 years. Its dome was considered the largest and highest dome for 1000 Sophia, the center of the Orthodoxism of Constantinople for centuries, also hosted imperial ceremonies such as the coronation ceremonies of Byzantium. Hagia Sophia has also been a shelter for Invasion PeriodDuring the Fourth Crusades, the crusaders under the command of the Venetian Republic seized Istanbul and looted Hagia Sophia. Many holy relics such as torino shroud, a piece of Jesus tombstone, Jesus’ cloth, the milk of Mary and the bones of the saints, and valuable items made of gold and silver were stolen from the church. In this period, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a cathedral attached to the Roman Catholic Church. On May 16, 1204, Latin Emperor I. Baudouin wore the imperial crown in Hagia Byzantine PeriodWhen Hagia Sophia came under the control of the Byzantines again in 1261, it was in a state of devastation, ruin and destruction. Emperor II in 1317 received the financing of Andronikos from the legacy of his deceased wife, Irini, and added 4 retaining walls to the north and east parts of the building. In the earthquake of 1344, new cracks appeared in the dome, and on 19 May 1346 various parts of the building collapsed. After this event, the church remained closed until the restoration work of architects named Astras and Peralta began in Empire Mosque PeriodAfter the conquest of Istanbul by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Hagia Sophia Church was immediately converted into a mosque as a symbol of the conquest. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, who attached special importance to Hagia Sophia, ordered the church to be cleaned immediately and turned into a mosque, but did not change its name. The first minaret was built during his period. Although the Ottomans preferred to use stones in such structures, this minaret was made of bricks in order to build the minaret of the minarets is Sultan II. It was added by Bayezid. In the 16th century, Suleiman the Magnificent brought two giant lamps to a Hagia Sophia from a church in Hungary, which he conquered, and today these lamps are located on both sides of the of the most famous restorations of Hagia Sophia during the Ottoman period, under the command of Sultan Abdülmecit, was built between 1847 and 1849 under the auspices of Gaspare Fossati and his brother Giuseppe Fossati. Some of the gallery mosaics on the upper floor were cleaned, the ones that were destroyed were covered with plaster and the mosaic motifs on the bottom were painted on this plaster. A new madrasa and muqakkithane were built outside Hagia Sophia. Minarets were brought in the same paint. When this restoration work was completed, the Hagia Sophia was opened to the public again with a ceremony held on 13 July PeriodA series of works were carried out on the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Hagia Sophia, which was closed to the public due to restoration works between 1930 and 1935. These include various restorations, turning the dome with an iron belt, and uncovering and cleaning the mosaics. During the restoration, in line with the principle of secularism, ideas were put forward for the purpose of being converted back to the church, but due to the small number of Christians living in the region, the lack of demand, the possible provocations against such a magnificent church in the region and the historical importance of the architecture were taken into consideration and considering its historical importance, it was converted into a museum with the decision of the Council of Ministers dated 24 November 1934. Ataturk visited the museum, which opened on February 1, 1935, on February 6, 1935. Centuries later, with the removal of the carpets on the marble floor, the magnificent mosaics were brought to light again with the floor covering and the plaster covering the mosaics with human of Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia is a domed basilica type building that combines the basilica plan and the central plan in terms of architecture and is considered as an important turning point in the history of architecture with its dome transition and bearing system Sophia is of paramount importance with its size and architectural structure. In the world of the period it was built, no basilica planned structure could be covered with a dome in the size of the dome of Hagia Sophia and it did not have such a large interior. Although the dome of Hagia Sophia is smaller than the dome of the Pantheon in Rome, the complex and sophisticated system made up of half domes, arches and vaults applied in Hagia Sophia makes the dome more impressive by enabling it to cover a much larger space. Compared to the domes of the previous structures placed on the body walls as a carrier, such a large dome, which was placed on only four piers, is considered a revolution both in technical and aesthetic aspects in the history of architecture.

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